基于通用串行总线的主机与小型医学仪器互连的研究

目的 探讨实现主机与小型医学仪器互连的方法，以便最终实现小型医学仪器的网络化。方法 本文提出了利用通用串行总线（USB）实现主机与小型医学仪器互连的方案，同时解决了此方案中最关键的技术，即如何利用USB总线实现医学仪器的实时数据采集和传输，具体工作包括硬件设计、固体设计、驱动程序设计和应用程序设计。结果 利用USB总线实现了医学信号的实时数据采集和传输，为下一步实现医学仪器与主机互连打下了基础。结论 利用通用串行总线实现主机与小型医学仪器的互连是可行的。     

长途货运汽车司机安全性行为的影响因素分析

调查了广西司机３６４名,山东司机１６０名,司机均为男性。以避孕套的使用意愿为因变量的逐步Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析表明,有关性病、艾滋病的知识得分越高,知晓避孕套的作用与正确使用的知识得分越高,知晓何处可以买到避孕套得分越高,其避孕套的使用意愿越高。表明知识得分对避孕套使用意愿的影响     

公交驾驶员职业倦怠与心理健康状况的关系研究

目的 揭示公交驾驶员职业倦怠和心理健康现状,探索二者之间的关系,为减少公交驾驶员职业倦怠、提高其心理健康水平提供参考。方法 对成都市3个公交公司的995名公交驾驶员采用Maslach职业倦怠量表普适版（MBI-GS）及一般健康问卷（GHQ-12）进行调查。结果 成都市995名公交驾驶员在职业倦怠总分及情绪衰竭、玩世不恭、成就感低落维度上的中位数和四分位数间距分别为2.33(1.58)分、2.40(3.00)分、0.75(2.00)分及2.17(3.00)分,一般心理健康总分的中位数和四分位数间距为11.00(5.00)分。不同学历、锻炼情况驾驶员倦怠总分差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,心理健康总分在性别、驾龄及锻炼情况上差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。因子分析共提取了自我否定、自我肯定、严重情绪反应3个因子。职业倦怠总分及各维度与一般心理健康总分及各因子间均呈正相关（P＜0.05）,自我否定和严重情绪反应因子对职业倦怠有较好的预测作用。结论 公交驾驶员职业倦怠现象较为严重且存在一定的心理健康问题。心理健康水平可以预测驾驶员的职业倦怠。     

Cardiovascular reaction to job stress in middle-aged train drivers

In this study, cardiovascular (CV) response to a standard laboratory challenge was compared to 24-hr noninvasive monitoring of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in 30 healthy middle-aged train drivers. Laboratory stress test consisted of the orthostatic test, the cold pressor test, the Valsalva maneuver, the Stroop test, and the numerical square. In addition, the participants completed an extensive questionnaire on their health state and family health history, lifestyle, job stress, social and family support, personality characteristics, and health risk behaviors. In waking activities (leisure time, traveling to work, preparations for driving, and an uneventful driving) HR and systolic Wood pressure (SBP), but not diastolic Wood pressure (DBP), were normal (e.g., mean HR = 78.3, SBP = 128.6. and DBP= 92.3 during driving). In occasional stressful work situations, most participants reacted with a considerable rise in SBP and DBP (maximum values 201 for SBP and 126 for DBP). Interindividual differences in maximum BP reactions to emergency stress were predicted reliably by several psychological characteristics and by the CV reactions to the laboratory psychological challenge. The frequency, intensity, and persistence of psychological and physiological reactions to urgent situations appear to be more relevant measures of the health impact of psychological job stress than are the shift average values of physiological stress markers.     

The effect of an irregular shift system on sleepiness at work in train drivers and railway traffic controllers

Sleepiness and fatigue are frequent problems in railway transportation with occasional monotony and irregular shift schedules. This study aimed at (1) studying the prevalence of severe sleepiness in shifts and (2) examining which shift and sleep-related factors were associated with the occurrence of severe sleepiness in an irregular shift system. A total of 126 randomly selected male train drivers (Tdrs) and 104 railway traffic controllers (Tcos) were investigated using questionnaires and sleep-wake diaries. A sleep diary was used to collect information on sleepiness at work and sleeping times during the 21 consecutive days of the study. The prevalence of severe sleepiness at work (i.e. Karolinska Sleepiness Scale 7 or higher) was modelled by a logistic regression analysis for repeated measurements (GEE) using different shift schedule related factors and sleep length as explanatory variables. Severe sleepiness was reported in 49% (Tdrs) and 50% (Tcos) of the night shifts and in 20% (Tdrs) and 15% (Tcos) of the morning shifts. The odds ratios showed that the risk for severe sleepiness was 6-14 times higher in the night shift and about twice as high in the morning shift compared with the day shift. Age affected the two occupational samples differently: with Tdrs increased age was associated with an additional 8% reduction of risk for severe sleepiness for each year of age, while the Tcos did not show any age dependency. Shift length increased the risk by 15% for each hour of the shift and main sleep period decreased the risk by 15% for each hour of the main sleep. The risk of severe sleepiness was not consistently related to the time-off period before the shifts. The results indicate that adjustments for shift timing, length and off-duty time, in addition to actions aiming at extending the main sleep period, would probably decrease severe sleepiness in railway transportation.     

Sleep-wake rhythm in an irregular shift system

Sleep in shift work has been studied extensively in regular shift systems but to a lesser degree in irregular shifts. Our main aim was to examine the sleep-wake rhythm in shift combinations ending with the night or the morning shift in two irregular shift systems. Three weeks' sleep/work shift diary data, collected from 126 randomly selected train drivers and 104 traffic controllers, were used in statistical analyses including a linear mixed model and a generalized linear model for repeated measurements. The results showed that the sleep-wake rhythm was significantly affected by the shift combinations. The main sleep period before the first night shift shortened by about 2 h when the morning shift immediately preceded the night shift as compared with the combination containing at least 36 h of free time before the night shift (reference combination). The main sleep period before the night shift was most curtailed between two night shifts, on average by 2.9 and 3.5 h among the drivers and the controllers, respectively, as compared with the reference combination. Afternoon napping increased when the morning or the day shift immediately preceded the night shift, the odds being 4.35-4.84 in comparison with the reference combination. The main sleep period before the morning shift became 0.5 h shorter when the evening shift preceded the morning shift in comparison with the sleep period after a free day. The risk for dozing off during the shift was associated only with the shift length, increasing by 17 and 35% for each working hour in the morning and the night shift, respectively. The results demonstrate advantageous and disadvantageous shift combinations in relation to sleep and make it possible to improve the ergonomy of irregular shift systems.     

Factors Contributing to Delay in Driving Licensure Among U.S. High School Students and Young Adults

PurposeMore teens delay in driving licensure (DDL). It is conceivable they miss Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) safety benefits. We assessed prevalence, disparities, and factors associated with DDL among emerging adults.MethodsData used were from all seven waves (W1–7) of the NEXT Generation Health Study (W1 in 10th grade [2009–2010]). The outcome variable was DDL (long-DDL [delayed >2 years], intermediate-DDL [delayed 1–2 years] versus no-DDL), defined as participants receiving driver licensure ≥1 year after initial eligibility. Independent variables included sex, urbanicity, race/ethnicity, family structure, parental education, family affluence, parental monitoring knowledge, parent perceived importance of alcohol nonuse, and social media use. Logistic regressions were conducted.ResultsOf 2,525 participants eligible for licensure, 887 (38.9%) reported intermediate-DDL and 1,078 (30.1%) long-DDL. Latinos (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.5 vs. whites) and those with lower affluence (AOR = 2.5 vs. high) had higher odds of intermediate-DDL. Latinos (AOR = 4.5 vs. whites), blacks (AOR = 2.3 vs. whites), those with single parent (AOR = 1.7 vs. both biological parents), whose parents’ education was high school or less (AOR = 3.7 vs. bachelor+) and some college (AOR = 2.0 vs. bachelor+) levels, and those with lower affluence (AOR = 4.4 vs. high) had higher odds of long-DDL. Higher mother’s monitoring knowledge (AOR = .6) was associated with lower odds of long-DDL, but not intermediate-DDL.ConclusionsSome teens that DDL “age out” of protections afforded to them by GDL driver restrictions. Minority race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, urbanicity, and parenting factors contribute to DDL. Further study of these factors and their individual/collective contributions to DDL is needed to understand potential unintended consequences of GDL, particularly in more vulnerable youth.     

Structure and agency in long-distance truck drivers’ lived experiences of condom use for HIV prevention

Condom promotion has emerged as a mainstay of targeted HIV prevention interventions in India, with its emphasis on individual behaviour change and personal responsibility. However, such approaches often do not account for marginalised populations’ structural vulnerability to HIV, arising from social, economic and political factors in the lived environment. In this paper, I use a critical health communication framework to analyse how structure and agency interact in influencing condom use among long-distance truck drivers in India. Drawing on an abductive discourse analysis of condom-use discourses among truckers and peer educators in two Indian cities, findings reveal that while truckers understand the biomedical logic of condoms as barriers, they also express anxiety about condom breakage and experience structural barriers to condom use. The paper concludes by calling for greater attention to structural vulnerabilities in future HIV prevention efforts with truck drivers.     

公交车驾驶员冲动性与心理健康的相关性研究

目的：调查公交公司驾驶员的冲动性水平及心理健康水平,并分析二者之间的关系。方法：采用自编人口学调查表、Barratt冲动性量表第11版（BIS-11）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）为研究工具,对266名公交公司驾驶员进行问卷调查。结果：公交车驾驶员的冲动性总分为（53.50±7.54）,注意冲动性（12.39±2.27）,运动冲动性（18.51±3.40）,无计划冲动性（22.62±4.29）。SCL-90中除敌对因子外,均显著高于全国常模（P<0.01）;BIS-11量表的冲动性各因子分和总分分别与SCL-90各因子得分进行相关分析,结果显示除无计划冲动性因子与SCL-90中的强迫、人际关系、偏执、精神病性及其他因子无关外,其余均呈显著正相关。逐步多元回归分析结果显示,注意力冲动性（b=7.748,P=0.000）、运动冲动性（b=2.686, P=0.022）为心理健康的影响因素,并具有正性预测作用。结论：公交车驾驶员心理健康水平低于常人,高冲动性公交公司驾驶员的心理健康水平更低,应及时进行心理干预。